31, July 2025
From Saṃskṛta to Prākṛta: A Theoretical Inquiry Into Hemacandra’s Model of Linguistic Transformation
Author(s): Ramani Swarna
Authors Affiliations:
Academic Research Head, Prakrit Bharati Academy, Jaipur, Rajasthan- India
DOIs:10.2015/IJIRMF/202507059 | Paper ID: IJIRMF202507059Abstract
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Abstract: In this paper, an attempt has been undertaken for a theoretical inquiry into the differentiation between Saṃskṛta and Prākṛta as conceptualized by Ācārya Hemacandra, the eminent 12th-century Jaina scholar. In his seminal work “Siddhahemaśabdānuśāsana”, Hemacandra establishes a linguistic framework that portrays Prākṛta not as a corrupted form of Saṃskṛta ; however, as a refined language derived systematically through well-defined grammatical processes. The study highlights his use of mechanisms such as lopa (elision), āgama (insertion), sthāna (substitution), and vikāra (modification) to derive Prākṛta forms from Saṃskṛta roots. Rather than viewing Prākṛta as colloquial or degraded form of language, Hemacandra treats it as a structurally governed and grammatically autonomous language as observed in the common usage of the immediate communities of human beings. This paper analyses the linguistic and philosophical underpinnings of Hemacandra’s model, particularly in light of Jaina epistemology and linguistic ethics. Through close textual analysis, comparative grammar, and theoretical interpretation, the paper repositions Hemacandra’s contribution as both a descriptive and philosophical achievement in Indian linguistic history. The research affirms that Prākṛta, in Hemacandra’s conception, is not merely a product of phonetic erosion or regional speech but a language of “intentional transformation” with textual and doctrinal legitimacy. The implications of this framework extend beyond grammar, touching upon language, philosophy, regional variation, and literary identity in premodern India. Ultimately, the study emphasizes the relevance of Hemacandra’s insights in understanding the dynamics of linguistic change, derivation, and identity in Indian grammatical thought.
Key Words: prākṛta, saṃskṛta, hemacandra, jaina Grammar, siddhahemaśabdānuśāsana.
Ramani Swarna (2025); From Saṃskṛta to Prākṛta: A Theoretical Inquiry Into Hemacandra’s Model of Linguistic Transformation, International Journal for Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field, ISSN(O): 2455-0620, Vol-11, Issue-7, Pp. 413-426. Available on – https://www.ijirmf.com/