INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD

Abstract: Concerns about the environmental impact of blockchain networks have driven research and industry action to measure and reduce energy consumption. This paper compares the energy footprints of three widely discussed networks — Bitcoin (Proof-of-Work), Ethereum (Proof-of-Stake after the 2022 Merge), and Solana (high-throughput Proof-of-Stake/PoH variant) — using published energy estimates and per-transaction metrics from authoritative sources. Results show orders-of-magnitude differences: Bitcoin’s network-level electricity use is measured in tens to hundreds of terawatt-hours per year, while Ethereum (post-Merge) and Solana report annual electricity use in the single digit gigawatt-hour to low-megawatt-hour ranges. This research paper consist of analyse of per-transaction energy, discuss methodological caveats (measurement model, accounting boundaries), and offer policy and technical recommendations for reducing blockchain carbon footprints. Key data sources and reproducible references are provided.